Energizer Batteries Rechargeable C

Lithium

Description
The lithium-term "refers to a family of different chemistries, comprising many types of cathodes and electrolytes. One type of lithium battery with high energy density is the cell lithium-thionyl chloride. In this cell, a liquid mixture of thionyl chloride (SOCl2) and lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl4) acts as the cathode and electrolyte respectively. A material porous carbon is used as a cathode current collector which receives electrons from the external circuit. However, lithium-thionyl chloride are generally not sold to the consumer market, and to find more commercial / industrial applications, or are installed in devices where no replacement consumer is made. lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are well suited for applications where very low power long life is required, such systems wireless alarm.
The most common type of lithium battery used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide cathode, a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent.
Disassembled Battery CR2016
1: Anode Cup, head down, passed to Lithium partially scraped
2nd: separation, a thin layer of porous material soaked with electrolyte – lithium salt in an organic solvent
3rd: CRT, one tablet of manganese dioxide
4: cathode, with current collector (carbon layer) on its bottom and a seal around its inner edge. Damaged by awkwardly attempting to open.
Chemistries
Chemistry
Cathode
Electrolyte
Rated voltage
open circuit voltage
Wh / kg
Wh/dm3
Li-MnO2 (Li-Mn, "CR")
manganese dioxide heat treated
perchlorate and lithium carbonate propylene dimethoxyethane
3V
3.3V
280
580
The most common consumer battery quality, approximately 80% of the market lithium batteries. uses inexpensive materials. Suitable for low leakage, long life, low cost applications. High energy density by both mass and volume. Can provide high current pulse. Wide temperature range. With the discharge increases and decreases internal impedance voltage terminal. Maximum temperature limited to about 60 C. High self-discharge at high temperatures.
Li-SOCl2
Thionyl chloride
Lithium thionyl chloride tetrachloroaluminate
3.5V
3.65 V
290
670
Liquid cathode. For low temperature applications. Can operate down to -55 C, where it holds more than 50% of its rated capacity. negligible amount of gas generated during use nominal, limited quantity under the abuse. Relatively high internal impedance and limited short-circuit. high energy density, 500 Wh / kg. Toxic. Electrolyte reacts with water. cells with low current used for portable electronic memory backup and. high current cells used in military applications. In the passivation layer long forms of storage on the anode, which could cause delays temporary voltage when placed in service. The high cost and safety concerns limit the use in civilian applications. May explode when short. Underwriters Laboratories requires qualified technician to replace these batteries. Hazardous wastes, hazardous materials shipment of Class 9.
Li, SOCl2, BrCl, Li-BCX
thionyl chloride with bromine chloride
Lithium thionyl chloride tetrachloroaluminate
3.7 to 3.8 V
3.9 V
350
770
Liquid cathode. A variant of thionyl chloride battery with a voltage above 300 mV. The higher voltage drops to 3.5V when the bromine chloride is consumed during the first 10-20% of the landfill. The cells with the addition of bromine chloride are thought to be safe when in abused.
Li-SO2Cl2
sulfuryl chloride
3.7
3.95
330
720
Liquid cathode. Similar to the thionyl chloride. Discharge does not result not an accumulation of elemental sulfur, which is thought to be involved in hazardous reactions, so sulfuryl chloride batteries can be sure. Commercial deployment hampered by the tendency of the electrolyte to corrode the anodes of lithium, the reduction of shelf life. Chlorine is added to some cells to make them more resistant to abuse. Sulfuryl chloride cells give less than maximum current of thionyl chloride, due to the polarization of the carbon cathode. Sulfuryl chloride reacts violently with water, releasing hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid acid.
Li-SO2
Sulphur dioxide Teflon-bonded carbon
lithium bromide in the sulfur dioxide with a small amount of acetonitrile
2.85 V
3.0V
250
400
liquid cathode. Can operate down to -55 C to +70 C. Contains liquid SO2 at high pressure. safety vent requires, can explode in certain conditions. high energy density. The high cost. At low temperature and currents as high performance Li-MnO2. Toxic. Acetonitrile forms of lithium cyanide, and can form hydrogen cyanide at elevated temperatures. Used in military applications.
Addition of bromine monochloride can increase the voltage to 3.9 V and energy density.
Li-(CF) x ("BR")
Carbon monofluoride
Lithium tetrafluoroborate in propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane, and / or gamma-butyrolactone
2.8V
3.1 V
360
680
Cathode material formed by adding high-temperature gases in the graphite powder. energy density high (250 Wh / kg), 7 life per year. Used for applications requiring low to moderate current, for example. memory and clock battery backup. Very good safety record. Used in aerospace, space-qualified since 1976. Used in military land and marine applications, and missiles. Also used in heart pacemakers. Maximum temperature 85 C. Very low self-discharge (<0.5% / Year at 60 ° C, <1% / year at 85 ° C). Developed in 1970 by Matsushita.
Li-I2
Iodine
solid organic charge transfer complex (Eg poly-2-vinylpyridine, P2VP)
2.8V
3.1 V
solid electrolyte. A very high reliability. Used in medical applications. Do not generate gas, even in a short circuit. chemistry to solid state, limited to short-circuit, suitable only for applications low current. decreases with the degree of tension terminal unloading due to precipitation of lithium iodide. Low self-discharge.
Li-Ag2CrO4
Silver Chromate
solution of lithium perchlorate
3.1/2.6 V
3.45 V
A very high reliability. Has a plateau of 2.6 V after reaching certain percentage of the discharge, provides early warning of impending discharge. Developed specifically for medical applications, example. pacemakers.
Ag2V4O11 Li-Li-SVO, Li-CSVO
Silver oxide + vanadium pentoxide (SVO)
hexafluoroarsenate hexafluorophosphate lithium or lithium in propylene carbonate, dimethoxyethane with
Used in medical applications, for example. implantable defibrillators, nerve stimulation, and drug infusion systems. Also intended for use in other electronics, for example. Locator Transmitters emergency. high energy density. Long shelf life. Capable of continuous operation at nominal temperature of 37 C. discharge two floors with a tray. Output voltage decreases in proportion to the degree of discharge. Resistant to abuse.
Addition of copper (II) oxide results cathode material in Li-variant CSVO.
Li-CuO
Copper (II) oxide
Lithium perchlorate dissolved in Dioxolane
1.5V
2.4V
Can operate up to 150 C. developed as a replacement of zinc-carbon and alkaline batteries. "Power Up", a major difference between open circuit and rated voltage. Product until the mid-1990s, replaced by the lithium-iron sulfide. The current limited use.
Li-Cu4O (PO4) 2
Copper oxyphosphate
See Li-CuO
Li-CUS
copper sulphide
1.5V
Li-PbCuS
lead sulphide and copper sulphide
1.5V
2.2 V
Li-FeS
iron sulfide
propylene carbonate, dioxolane, dimethoxyethane
1.5 to 1.2 V.
"Lithium-iron," Li / Fe. Used as a replacement for alkaline batteries. See lithium – iron disulfide.
Li-FeS2
iron disulfide
propylene carbonate, dioxolane dimethoxyethane
01/06 to 01/04 V
1.8V
297
"Lithium-iron," Li / Fe ". Used in lithium batteries by Energizer replacement of zinc-manganese chemistry. Called "voltage-compatible" Lithium. 2.5 times higher lifetime rate of discharge for the high current than alkaline batteries, improve the storage life, eg in cars in summer due to lower self-discharge, 10 years of storage. FeS2 is cheap. Some types rechargeable. Cathode often conceived as a paste of powdered iron sulfide mixed with graphite powder. Variant is Li-CuFeS2.
Li-Bi2Pb2O5
Lead bismuthate
1.5V
1.8V
Replacement batteries silver oxide, with a higher energy density, low tendency to flee, and better performance at high temperatures.
Li-Bi2O3
Bismuth trioxide
1.5V
2.04 V
Li-V2O5
Vanadium pentoxide
3.3/2.4 V
3.4V
120/260
300/660
Two trays of discharge. At low pressure. Rechargeable. Used in spare batteries.
Li-CoO2
Cobalt dioxide
Li-CuCl2
copper chloride
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-MnO2
Manganese Dioxide
Rechargeable.
Li/Al-V2O5
Vanadium pentoxide
Rechargeable.
Li-ion
carbon
liquid
Rechargeable. See the lithium-ion batteries.
Li-poly
polymer
solid
Rechargeable. See lithium ion polymer.
The electrolyte is usually an organic liquid solution of a inorganic ion lithium compound forming a mixture of high permittivity solvent (eg propylene carbonate) and a low viscosity solvent ( eg dimethoxyethane).
Applications
Lithium batteries find application in many long life, critical features, such as pacemakers implantable artificial heart and other electronic medical devices. These devices use specialized lithium-iodide batteries designed to last 15 years or more. But for other, less critical applications such as in toys, the lithium battery may last longer than the toy. In such cases, a lithium expensive is not profitable.
Lithium batteries can be used instead of regular alkaline batteries in many devices, such as clocks and cameras. Although more costly, lithium batteries provide longer life, thereby minimizing battery replacement. But attention should be paid to the higher voltage developed by the lithium cells before using them as a drop-in replacement devices normally using ordinary cells.
Lithium batteries are very small size commonly used in small portable electronic devices, such as PDAs, watches, thermometers, and calculators, the backup batteries in computers and communications equipment, and the locks remotely. They are available in several shapes and sizes, with a common variety is the 3 volt "coin" variety of manganese type, generally 20 mm in diameter and 1.64 mm thick. The high electricity demand of several of these devices lithium batteries in particular an attractive option. In particular, lithium batteries can easily support the brief, heavy current requirements of devices such as digital cameras, and they maintain a higher voltage for a period longer than alkaline batteries.
Some other lithium batteries use a platinum-iridium alloy instead of compounds more common. These batteries are generally not recommended because the cost is high and they tend to be fragile.
Security issues and regulation
The recording industry of the computer to increase the capacity of the battery to test the limits of sensitive components such the membrane separator, a polyethylene or polypropylene film that is only 20-25 m thick. The energy density of batteries Li has more than doubled since their introduction in 1991. When the battery is made to contain more material, the separator can undergo stress.
Rapid-discharge issues
lithium batteries can provide extremely high currents and can discharge rapidly when short-circuited. Although this is useful in applications where high currents are needed, too rapid discharge of a lithium battery can cause overheating of the battery, rupture, and even explosion. lithium-thionyl chloride are particularly sensitive to this type of discharge. Consumer batteries usually incorporate overcurrent or thermal protection or vents to prevent explosion for.
Air Travel
Because of the above risks, shipping and transportation of lithium batteries is limited in some situations, especially the transport of lithium batteries by air.
The United States Transportation Security Administration announced restrictions effective January 1, 2008 on lithium batteries in checked baggage and hand luggage. The rules prohibit batteries Lithium is not installed in a device in checked baggage and to limit hand luggage according to the total content of lithium.
Lithium and methamphetamine laboratories
Unused lithium batteries are a source close to the lithium metal for use as a reducing agent in the laboratory methamphetamine. Some jurisdictions have enacted laws to restrict the sale or lithium asked the companies to make voluntary restrictions in an attempt to help curb the creation of illegal meth labs. For example a newspaper article from January 2004 reported that shops Wal-Mart restricts the sale of disposable lithium batteries to three packages in Missouri and four packages in other states. However, the strong demand for lithium batteries for use in modern devices today, such as hunger, conflict with digital cameras such restrictions. Via Internet retailers, these restrictions can usually be bypassed with little effort.
Transport
regulations of the United Kingdom for the transportation of lithium batteries have been amended by the National Chemical Emergency Centre in 2009.
See also
Lithium ion
lithium air
Lithium-ion battery polymer
Battery Recycling
Battery holder
Button cell
References
http://www.protomatic.com/markets/alternative-energy/batteries ^ The production of lithium batteries
^ Rayovac – White Papers
^ Lithium sulfuryl chloride
^ Http: / / yosemite.epa.gov/OSW/rcra.nsf/Documents/CC7D81DF307086C085256611005AC8EC
^ Lithium Batteries Specifications
^ monofluoride lithium / carbon (Li / CFX): a new pacem … [Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996] – PubMed Result
^ Lithium Poly Carbon Monoflouride http://www.houseofbatteries.com/Howto/LiPolyC.htm
^ Http: / / nyc-amp.cuny.edu/abstracts/view.asp? ID = 654
^ "Voyager Security with batteries. Department of Transportation. http://safetravel.dot.gov/whats_new_batteries.html. Retrieved 29/12/2007.
^ Http: / / www.unknownnews.net/040126waronthinking.html
^ Http://the-ncec.com/assets/NewsAndArticles/Final-report-version-2-Lithium-Batteries.pdf
common form of backup circuit
References
Publishing 2009 amendments to the regulations on transport of lithium batteries
Hotline lithium battery
Lithium Iron Phosphate information
Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries
Brand Neutral Drawing lithium batteries according to ANSI specifications
Lithium thionyl chloride MSDS Battery and support security information
v, d, e
galvanic cells
Non rechargeable:
primary cells
alkaline Aluminium Bunsen cell battery acid cell Chromic Clark Daniell cell to cell dry Grove Leclanché Lithium Battery Mercury battery nickel oxyhydroxide battery silver oxide battery cell Zamboni Weston zinc-air batteries zinc-carbon battery
Rechargeable:
Secondary cells
Air-powered lithium-ion lead-acid battery of the lithium-ion lithium-ion polymer battery Lithium iron phosphate lithium-sulfur battery lithium-titanate nickel-cadmium NiMH Rechargeable nickel-iron nickel-metal hydride battery low self-discharge NiMH battery Nickel-zinc alkaline rechargeable battery sodium-sulfur battery Vanadium Redox Battery Zinc-bromine
Types of cells
Concentration cell flow fuel cell stack pit battery of Volta
Parts of primary cells
Anode Catalytic cathode half cell electrolyte salt ions bridge semipermeable membrane
Categories: Disposable batteries | Lithium | Canadian Inventions | Materials Recyclable About the Author

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